The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Or alternatively document each alternative with a detailed description. Document final choices of preferred alternatives, including the rationale and potential information gaps that need to be filled; b. Variables to consider.

The guidance is aimed at moving organizations from a single alternative to the comparison of multiple alternatives. Department of Defense, January 7, 2015, Instruction 5000.02. There are other ways to rank, compare, and select alternatives, including simple matrix methods (such as the one shown in Table 11-1), as well as the decision rules described in Chapter 9. This can range from counting events, calculating Return On Investment (ROI), applying weighted averages, opportunity cost or even conjoint analysis (my favourite). The Lowell framework states that the final step, Review Selection, reflects the fact that technologies are not perfect in terms of environment and social acceptability. Is that gut feel answer suddenly now the best alternative? He then evaluates the various options with one another against certain criteria. It gives people a chance to comment further if they’d like. For each major area of interest (upper-level criteria), sub-criteria with metrics against which alternatives could be scored were identified (measurement sub-criteria). Develop recommendations for how the various stakeholders will participate in the AoA (e.g., Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed) and discuss them with the AoA principal customer. The IC2, CA SCP, and Lowell frameworks allow ranking, but give no guidance on specific methods on how this, as well as categorizing or narrowing the choice of alternatives, should be done. Not surprisingly, the GAO found that programs that conducted a comprehensive assessment of risks tended to have better cost and schedule outcomes than those that did not [5]. The evaluatation of service delivery alternatives … Maintain broad context. It is critical to develop credible data sets to support an AoA.

Unfortunately quantitative data usually has some human element and can be misled, either intentionally or not. If some of the alternatives don’t align with the overall goal then perhaps you should rule them out from the current list. To evaluate, consumers develop evaluative criteria-which acts as a metric telling him whether the product is good or bad and to put it in his option list or not. Apparently both are quotes (and self-referential proof that quotes are also not data). .1 .5/16/2007 1:51:10 PM © 2007 Harvard Business School Publishing. List all the alternatives together – preferably on one page. A sample AoA study plan template is provided in [1]. The large amount of information collected in the evaluation phase, including potential conflicts in information and inertia within a firm or sector to make changes, might lead to paralysis that inhibits action on alternatives adoption. The reality is you can still choose the statistic or assumption that supports your cause. The AoA process should be seen as a good project management practice for different decisions on multiple types of projects. You assess the alternatives by seeing how well each one meets the objectives you established at the outset of the process. Identify potential unintended consequences that might occur at the application phase of a substitute and implement modifications to minimize these; and. In this course, we'll look into how to analyze risk, evaluate risk, document risks, and use this information for prioritization of requirements. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. For each alternative, define a technical baseline as a foundation for its assessment. Once you have identified the alternatives you'll consider, the next step is to evaluate those alternatives and make a final decision.

2007). Another model of implementation is Intervention Research, an occupational health prevention strategy, reflected in the P2OSH framework (Quinn et al. Finally, several occupational health chemical substitution frameworks not considered in Chapter 2 include steps focused on implementation and evaluation of the consequences of the substitutions.

48 MAUT is an optimization approach that represents the decision-maker’s preferences as utility functions, and attempts to maximize the decision-maker’s overall utility. It is beneficial to retain a dedicated step for determining basic acceptability, without forcing a ranking or further narrowing the list of alternatives, because having more than one acceptable alternative may be desirable under certain circumstances. By Step 10, assessors should have sufficient information to determine which, if any, of the potential alternatives have a lower overall negative impact to human health, ecotoxicity and other considerations, as well as meet other requirements established in Step 2. For example, several AoAs did not include integration risks even though the potential solution set involved modified commercial systems that would require integration of subsystems or equipment. ); The transfer to an alternative substance requires regulatory approval (e.g., production of aircraft or medical equipment), or change to an alternative technique requires a review of permit; The transfer to an alternative requires customer approval (e.g., for use in products that must be tested for technical performance over long time periods, or where the transfer to an alternative up in the supply chain may affect the quality of the end products and testing by several downstream user levels is required); An alternative substance is currently not produced in sufficient quantity; and.

assessments. While quantitative data can be compelling, it won’t be the whole answer. a. Cost Effectiveness Analysis : This technique is an improvement of the traditional marginal analysis. Implementing Alternatives within Existing Frameworks.

MITRE SE Roles and Expectations: MITRE systems engineers (SEs) are expected to understand the purpose and role of AoAs and when it is appropriate to conduct an AoA (e.g., for government departments and agencies, where it occurs in the acquisition process). Applying MCDA methods requires the creation of a model that reflects the decision maker’s preferences, value trade-offs, and goals (Belton and Stewart 2002). Steve is a Product Development Manager at Telstra Wholesale.

An implementation step has been included in the committee’s framework, consistent with the best practices in the existing frameworks. The lowest scoring alternatives generally had negative predicted responses from fishermen. Ultimately, these steps will not only support action related to implementation of substitutes, but also identify and mitigate expected or unintended health and safety, ecosystem, performance, or economic consequences during the substitution process.

All rights reserved. Read part 4 on identifying alternatives or go forward to part 6 on making your decision. Sort and list you remaining alternatives using only your chosen optimisation. If stakeholders are already enamored of a particular solution, completing an unbiased AoA may be difficult.

Pilot testing, or small-scale testing of a substitute to identify (a) issues related to performance of alternatives, including process or product modifications that are needed to make the alternative function to specifications; and (b) changes in product or process chemistries or work practices (both in product manufacture or use) that might affect worker or consumer health. The guidance further documents some of the particular implementation challenges for an alternative that might substantiate a longer substitution transition period, including: Under REACH, if an applicant for authorization identifies a suitable alternative, that entity must develop a substitution plan for the alternative, documenting timing, supply chain consultation, and how the transition will occur, including evaluating risk trade-offs. ), and stick with that. Use these tips to evaluate their claims. Evaluating service delivery alternativess may be triggered by financial pressures or dissatisfaction through customer feedback, so consideration of alternatives poses risks, such as financial, political, legal, and service quality. Once you have identified the alternatives you'll consider, the next step is to evaluate those alternatives and make a final decision. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. The final set of alternatives should be the product of thorough research, vetting, and filtering and should be traceable and defensible. The views expressed in this post are his only and do not necessarily reflect the views of Telstra. You can perform additional sensitivity analysis on your alternatives to assess whether your comparison is solid. Warning, this will close your session. This step is intended to support action related to the implementation of safer substitutes by helping entities identify alternatives and mitigate expected or unintended consequences in the substitution process, and ensuring a more successful, informed substitution. Once you have identified the alternatives you'll consider, the next step is to evaluate those alternatives and make a final decision. For example, if the entity performing the alternatives assessment is a regulator considering taking action on the chemical of interest, offering a range of alternatives to replace the chemical allows complex industries and supply chains the flexibility to select the option that best suits each company’s needs.

In analyzing alternatives, you must consider risks. It uses weighted scores to rank each alternative; the alternative with the highest score is most likely your best choice. Realistic assumptions going into an AoA are that not all information will be available and that workarounds will be needed. The plural of anecdotes is not data Consider and leverage industry, government, contractor, and/or FFRDC data sources. Critical to implementing a robust AoA, advance planning should include maintaining awareness of key need dates and provisioning of funds, staff, data, and other resources. How do you manage and document conflict, along with alternatives? Your email address will not be published. In this model, trade organizations and/or government or academic research centers (such as the National Institute for Standards and Technology [NIST] or the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute [TURI]) work with a sector in a pre-competitive manner or with a particular firm to evaluate the functionality (and, in some cases, the health and safety implications) of alternatives for a chemical of concern. “The transfer to the alternative requires investments that take considerable time (time needed to plan the necessary changes, to purchase the equipment needed, to build any constructions, to install, to train the personnel, etc. Implementing alternatives may require work practice changes that can affect worker exposure pathways, increase potential hazards (toxicity and physical), and affect productivity if they do not work as well (Bartlett et al., 1999).

But just because the sample size is too small doesn’t mean the anecdotes should be completely ignored. Evaluating the alternatives. You’ve got your problem identified, and you have alternatives A through Z. 2012). Complementary and alternative medicine treatments have exploded in popularity, but they're not risk-free. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

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