[citation needed], Although the author was likely Jewish, there is no evidence that the Book of Judith was ever considered authoritative or a candidate for canonicity by any Jewish group. The two conceptual poles represented by these works will inform much of Judith's subsequent history. Bagoas, a Persian name denoting an official of Holofernes. Invited into his tent, she cut off his head as he lay in drunken sleep and brought it in a bag to Bethulia.
[27], Nevertheless, there have been various attempts by both scholars and clergy to understand the characters and events in the Book as allegorical representations of actual personages and historical events. At the siege of the Jewish city of Bethulia, a general named Achior warned Holofernes of the danger of attacking the Jews. It is not clear whether the Book of Judith was originally written in Hebrew or in Greek. A brief treatment of the Hebrew Bible follows. Much of this work has focused on linking Nebuchadnezzar with various conquerors of Judea from different time periods and, more recently, linking Judith herself with historical female leaders, including Queen Salome Alexandra, Judea's only female monarch (76–67 BC) and its last ruler to die while Judea remained an independent kingdom. Campaign against Bethulia; the people want to surrender (7:6–32), A'. The territory of Judean occupation includes the territory of Samaria, something which was possible in Maccabean times only after John Hyrcanus reconquered those territories. [35], As argued by Vigouroux, the two battles mentioned in the Septuagint version of the Book of Judith are a reference to the clash of the two empires in 658–657 and to Phraortes' death in battle in 653, after which Ashurbanipal continued his military actions with a large campaign starting with the Battle of the Ulaya River (652 BC) on the 18th year of this Assyrian king. God’s Providence is shown as working through human instruments, in this case, Judith, not through the intervention of divine beings. The town of Bethulia is particularly desperate, since it s… Gothic cathedrals often featured Judith, most impressively in the series of 40 stained glass panels at the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris (1240s).
Modern scholars argue in favor of a 2nd–1st century context for the Book of Judith, understanding it as a sort of roman à clef, i.e.
[27], The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies a clear chiastic pattern in both "acts", in which the order of events is reversed at a central moment in the narrative (i.e., abcc'b'a'). In medieval Christian art, the predominance of church patronage assured that Judith's patristic valences as "Mulier Sancta" and Virgin Mary prototype would prevail: from the 8th-century frescoes in Santa Maria Antigua in Rome through innumerable later bible miniatures. [34], In his comparison between the Book of Judith and Assyrian history, Catholic priest and scholar Fulcran Vigouroux (1837–1915) attempts an identification of Nabuchodonosor king of Assyria with Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC) and his rival Arphaxad king of the Medes with Phraortes (665–653 BC), the son of Deioces, founder of Ecbatana. [43], A similar dynamic was created in the 16th century by the confessional strife of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. The Book of Judith can be split into two parts or "acts" of approximately equal length. Both women were widows whose strategical and diplomatic skills helped in the defeat of the invader. Dort ist Judith eine Wittwe, die den Holofernes durch List und Schlauheit in's Netz lockt; sie freut sich, als sie seinen Kopf im Sack hat und singt und jubelt vor und mit ganz Israel drei Monde lang. That is mean, such a nature is not worthy of her success [...].
Thenceforth her presence in medieval European literature is robust: in homilies, biblical paraphrases, histories and poetry. THE BOOK OF JUDITH The sacred writer of this Book is generally believed to be the high priest Eliachim (called also Joachim). According to this view, Judith was meant to be the female counterpart of Judas Maccabeus, leader of the revolt, and the book, discussing a contemporary situation in the guise of an ancient historical setting, was written to encourage the Judaean Jews in the uneasy period of independence following the wars precipitated by the Maccabean uprising. It is generally accepted that the Book of Judith is ahistorical. He is so proud that he wants to affirm his strength as a sort of divine power. Several mysteries remain: Judith herself, Arphaxad, and others are otherwise unknown.
Like Jael, who drove a tent peg through the head of Sisera (Jgs 4), Judith kills an enemy general.
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