They are produced when glucose is not available to the body's cells as an energy source. Results of this test are typically interpreted along with those from the microscopic examination of the urine to determine whether RBCs are present in the urine. It will typically be done when there are abnormal findings on the physical or chemical examination and the results from all will be taken into account for interpretation. F.A. The chemical examination is often done in conjunction with or may be followed by a microscopic examination of the urine if there are any abnormal results. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. An increased number of WBCs seen in the urine under a microscope and/or positive test for leukocyte esterase may indicate an infection or inflammation somewhere in the urinary tract. Lin, J. Some of the substances dissolved in urine will precipitate out to form crystals when the urine is acidic; others will form crystals when the urine is basic. Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777845-overview#a1.
Proteinuria may also be associated with many other diseases and conditions. ), to determine your health status. 1mg provides you with medical information which is curated, written and verified by experts, accurate and trustworthy. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/763579. Accessed October 2012. collect your urine every time you go to the bathroom over the next 24 hours. CentrifugeFor the purposes ofmicroscopic urine analysis, the first morning specimen is the recommended specimen ofchoice. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition]. To screen for, help diagnose and/or monitor several diseases and conditions, such as kidney disorders or urinary tract infections (UTIs), When you have symptoms, such as abdominal pain, back pain, frequent or painful urination; sometimes as part of a health examination, pregnancy check-up, hospital admission, or pre-surgical work-up. Please allow 2-3 business days for an email response from one of the volunteers on the Consumer Information Response Team. Since all urine has some substances in it, a urine SG of 1.000 is not possible. Positive test results may indicate liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver damage due to drugs or toxic substances, or conditions associated with increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia). Blood in the urine is not a normal finding, but it is not uncommon and not necessarily a cause for alarm. As with specific gravity, there are typical but not "abnormal" urine pH values.
The urine is usually slightly acidic, about pH 6, but can range from 4.5-8. al. Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme present in most white blood cells (WBCs). Bilirubin is not present in the urine of normal, healthy individuals. Your privacy is guaranteed. Are there home test kits available to test my urine? Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Accessed on 12/16/08. If positive, the healthcare practitioner will likely follow up with other laboratory tests, such as a liver panel, to help establish a diagnosis.
Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry 2nd Edition: AACC Press, Washington, DC.
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It may be used to screen for and/or help diagnose conditions such as a urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, liver problems, diabetes or other metabolic conditions, to name a few. Is the time of day a factor when collecting a urine sample?
Other names for it are urine test , urine analysis, and UA. Some may also be able to provide microscopic examinations. To reduce timing errors and eliminate variations in color interpretation, automated instruments are frequently used to "read" the results of the test strip. Bacteria and cells from the surrounding skin can contaminate the sample and interfere with the interpretation of test results. (Updated 2012 March 16). McPherson R, Pincus M, eds. Medscape Today News [On-line information]. Red blood cells (RBC) in the urine can signal problems with the urinary tract, kidneys, or bladder.
Although the laboratory provides the largest single source of objective, scientific data on patient status, it is only one part of a complex biological picture of health or disease. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Some signs and symptoms may include: Testing may also be ordered at regular intervals when monitoring certain conditions over time. 4th edition, St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2006, 808-812. Normally, a few RBCs are present in urine sediment (0-5 RBCs per high power field, HPF). The kidneys play an important role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body. A positive chemical test for hemoglobin and an increase in the number of RBCs seen under the microscope indicates that there is blood in the urine. When a disease process is present in the kidney, cells or other substances can become trapped in the protein as the cast is formed. Urine collection containers 2. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse [On-line information]. One to two ounces of urine—a sufficient sample is required for accurate results; sometimes you may be directed to collect a sample using a "clean-catch" technique: women should spread the labia of the vagina and clean from front to back; men should wipe the tip of the penis.
As professional clinical laboratory scientists, our goal is to assist you in understanding the purpose of laboratory tests and the general meaning of your laboratory results. The most common cause for WBCs in urine (leukocyturia) is a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI), such as a bladder or kidney infection. Waxy cast seen in urine under a microscope. Pp. to a diagnosis. They may be small, sand-like particles with no specific shape (amorphous) or have specific shapes, such as needle-like.
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