A 1998 report by the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that there was between 5.7 billion barrels (910,000,000 m3) and 16.0 billion barrels (2.54×109 m3) of technically recoverable oil in the designated 1002 area, and that most of the oil would be found west of the Marsh Creek anticline. To the north, as the elevation drops, the alpine tundra gives way to an Arctic tundra zone on the coastal plain. [39], On December 15, 2005, Republican Alaska Senator Ted Stevens attached an Arctic Refuge drilling amendment to the annual defense appropriations bill. [54] A CNN opinion poll conducted on August 31, 2008 reported 59% favor drilling for oil in ANWR, while 39% oppose it. Consequently, there is considerable uncertainty regarding both the size and quality of the oil resources that exist in ANWR. Backed by President Jimmy Carter, and sponsored by Morris K. Udall and John B. Anderson, the bill would have prohibited all commercial activity in 67 million acres (270,000 km2) designated as wilderness areas.

In the mean ANWR oil resource case, additional oil production resulting from the opening of ANWR reaches 780,000 barrels per day (124,000 m3/d) in 2027 and then declines to 710,000 barrels per day (113,000 m3/d) in 2030. [56], Former president Barack Obama has opposed drilling in the Arctic Refuge.

[41], In January 2015, President Barack Obama proposed to designate 12.28 million acres (4.97 million ha) of the refuge, including the coastal plain, as wilderness, prohibiting drilling. [45], The ANWR and undiscovered estimates are categorized as prospective resources and therefore, not proven oil reserves. "[36], The NRDC has said that drilling would not take place in a compact, 2,000-acre (810 ha) space as proponents say, but would create "a spiderweb of industrial sprawl across the whole of the refuge's 1.5-million-acre (0.61-million ha) coastal plain, including drill sites, airports and roads, and gravel mines, spreading across more than 640,000 acres (260,000 ha). [27], Conservationists said that oil development would unnecessarily threaten the existence of the Porcupine caribou by cutting off the herd from calving areas. There the landscape is underlain by permafrost that thaws along the topmost layer during the short summer into an often marshy habitat; the typical vegetation there consists of dwarf trees, low shrubs, mosses and lichens, sedges and grasses, and wildflowers. [18][19], These claims were settled in 1971 by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which granted them 44 million acres (18 million ha). Visitors to Arctic Refuge, from across the state, the nation, and the world, contributed more than $29 million to Alaska’s local and state economies in 2017 (most recent year data is available).

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