[182] Geoffrey based himself from the Isle of Ely and began a military campaign against Cambridge, with the intention of progressing south towards London. [221], In the Holy Roman Empire, the young Matilda's court included knights, chaplains and ladies-in-waiting, although, unlike some queens of the period, she did not have her own personal chancellor to run her household, instead using the imperial chancellor. [202] Geoffrey sent the Bishop of Thérouanne to Rome in 1148 to campaign for Henry's right to the English throne, and opinion within the English Church gradually shifted in Henry's favour. Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. [237], On returning to Normandy for the last time in 1148, Matilda ceased to use the title Lady of the English, simply styling herself as empress again; she never adopted the title of Countess of Anjou. [167] Henry held another church council, which reversed its previous decision and reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. [208], Matilda spent the rest of her life in Normandy, often acting as Henry's representative and presiding over the government of the Duchy.

[134] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. Doctor Who: Lenny Henry speaks out on 'bizarre' guest role, Sir Lenny Henry speaks candidly of growing up with two fathers. This is a hasty judgement based on two or three hostile English chroniclers; such evidence as there is suggests Geoffrey was at least as much to blame". 'queen' carried the implication of a king's wife only, the Old English: hlaefdige, lit. [232], Matilda presented herself as continuing the English tradition of centralised royal government, and attempted to maintain a government in England parallel to Stephen's, including a royal household and a chancellor. [262] In this interpretation, Matilda has been unfairly criticised for showing qualities that have been considered praiseworthy when seen in her male contemporaries. In 1984 Henry came into the comedy spotlight with his own show titled the Lenny Henry Show, which ran for a decade.

[116] Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking north into the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Shrewsbury, before heading south to Bath. [171] Oxford Castle was a powerful fortress and, rather than storming it, Stephen decided to settle down for a long siege. [149] Although Matilda's own followers attended the event, few other major nobles seem to have attended and the delegation from London procrastinated. The Empire was governed by monarchs who, like Henry V, had been elected by the major nobles to become the King of the Romans. [74] Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation, but the couple were finally reconciled in 1131.

[72] Fulk finally left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine. [226] The seal did not depict her on horseback, however, as a male ruler would have been. [224] On her return from Germany to Normandy and Anjou, Matilda styled herself as empress and the daughter of King Henry. William and Matilda's mother—Matilda of Scotland—had died in 1118, and so Henry took a new wife, Adeliza of Louvain. Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou finished securing his hold on southern Normandy, and in January 1144 he advanced into Rouen, the capital of the Duchy, concluding his campaign. [16] She left England in February 1110 to make her way to Germany. [23] Matilda now entered public life in Germany, complete with her own household. [190] Several of Matilda's key supporters died: in 1147 Robert of Gloucester died peacefully, and Brian Fitz Count gradually withdrew from public life, probably eventually joining a monastery; by 1151 he was dead. Cultural depictions of the Empress Matilda, "Matilda [Matilda of England] (1102–1167), Empress, Consort of Heinrich V", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empress_Matilda&oldid=982764479, 12th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Old English (ca. [12] There is no detailed description of Matilda's appearance; contemporaries described Matilda as being very beautiful, but this may have simply reflected the conventional practice among the chroniclers. [99][nb 13], Matilda gave birth to her third son William on 22 July 1136 at Argentan, and she then operated out of the border region for the next three years, establishing her household knights on estates around the area. [207] Meanwhile, Normandy faced considerable disorder and the threat of baronial revolt, which Matilda was unable to totally suppress. [196] In the end Stephen himself ended up paying off Henry's mercenaries, allowing him to return home safely; his reasons for doing so remain unclear. [176] Many of those that had lost lands in the regions held by the King travelled west to take up patronage from Matilda. [129] Although there had been only a few new defections to her cause, Matilda still controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south into Wiltshire, west into the Welsh Marches and east through the Thames Valley as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. [218][nb 20] She was buried under the high altar at the abbey of Bec-Hellouin in a service led by Rotrou, the Archbishop of Rouen.

Rout of Winchester and the Siege of Oxford, Maude is a vernacular form of the name Matilda, and frequently used interchangeably.

Once again, the Angevin cavalry proved too strong, and for a moment it appeared that Stephen might be captured for a second time, before finally managing to escape. [187] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion against Stephen in the east ended with his death in September 1144 during an attack on Burwell Castle.

[157] Many started to leave Stephen's faction. [135], At the start of 1140, Nigel, the Bishop of Ely, joined Matilda's faction. [164] In the subsequent battle the Empress's forces were defeated and Robert of Gloucester himself was taken prisoner during the retreat, although Matilda herself escaped, exhausted, to her fortress at Devizes. [105] The Norman forces then deserted the King, forcing Stephen to give up his campaign. [151] Nonetheless, Matilda then advanced to London to arrange her coronation in June, where her position became precarious. [102] Geoffrey invaded Normandy in early 1136 and, after a temporary truce, invaded again later the same year, raiding and burning estates rather than trying to hold the territory.

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