Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Regarding shark bite incidents in Sydney in 2009, Rtshiladze, Andersen, Nguyen, Grabs, and Ho (2011, p. 350) found ‘Recent advances in the management of major trauma patients has led to a greater understanding of the role of pre‐hospital tourniquets, rapid transit to the operating suite and damage control surgery’. Shark nets stretch 186m long, and 6m deep and do little to stop a shark from entering a particular area. jQuery(e.target).unbind('error'); British Ecological Society, 42 Wharf Road, London, N1 7GS | T: +44 20 3994 8282 E: hello@britishecologicalsociety.org | Charity Registration Number: 281213. All shark catch data, estimates of netting effort and catch per unit effort in the Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program NSW, for netting seasons 1950–2017, are available from the Figshare database https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6222155 (Fetterplace et al., 2018). Acuity is the home of sharp thinking on matters of economics, business and finance. "Shark nets certainly reduce risk because they catch and kill sharks that have the potential to bite people," he said. The main evidence that suggests that shark nets are not effective in preventing bites on humans is that around 40 per cent of sharks are caught on ‘wrong side’, or beach side of nets. Western Australia spent A$28m on shark attack mitigation (culling rather than nets is used in WA) between 2008 and 2015. Our research identified a suite of interacting factors that contribute to the outcomes of the SMP, including negative effects for sharks and other marine life and effectiveness for reducing human–shark interactions (summarized in Figure 2). SHARK nets are being removed from North Coast beaches after a six-month trial. The United Nations (2017, p. 17) notes that ‘Adverse impacts on marine ecosystems come from the cumulative impacts of a number of human activities … Thus the cumulative impacts of activities that, in the past, seemed to be sustainable are resulting in major changes to some ecosystems’. Our aims were threefold, to: (a) identify and critique the diverse factors that together determine the outcomes of the SMP; (b) assess the negative effects of the SMP for sharks and other marine life; and (c) assess the effectiveness of the SMP for reducing the threat of shark interactions. Our aims were to: (a) identify and critique the diverse factors that determine the outcomes of the program; (b) assess the negative effects of the program for sharks and other marine life; and (c) assess the effectiveness of the program for reducing threat of shark interactions. Data are currently made public each year in non‐machine‐readable pdf format. This downward trend is consistent with other studies that report declines in marine species populations (Dudley, 1997; Malcolm, Bruce, & Stevens, 2001; Roff, Brown, Priest, & Mumby, 2018; United Nations, 2017). A study of Western Australian shark tourism in 2009 valued the industry at A$5.5m. The second key factor influencing shark bite incidence is cultures of beach‐ and ocean‐use, which have changed dramatically over time. There are two major arguments for the SMP, namely few fatalities at meshed beaches and a reduction in the incidence of shark bite since the Program's introduction (Department of Primary Industries, 2012b; Green et al., 2009). In a hypothetical scenario in which the trialled shark nets are a success and reduce the attack rate by white sharks in the area by (say) 75%, our statistical distribution tells us that almost all years will have zero or one attack (see the red line below). Second, the proportion of bites leading to fatality has decreased significantly in recent decades. The problem is that when events (like shark encounters) are both rare and variable, it is very difficult to spot when there has been a genuine increase. Claims that shark bite has declined at netted beaches might instead be interpreted as decline at patrolled beaches. When it comes to great white sharks and killer whales, a battle to the death isn’t just black and white. The more of this "biological" information we have, the better we can account for variation in the number of shark attacks, and thus the better we will get at assessing whether policies like shark nets are working. Effects of an electric field on white sharks: Climate change and the ocean: Special collection of reprints from the working group II contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Bycatch in the protective shark meshing programme off south‐eastern New South Wales, Australia, Environmental and anthropogenic factors affecting the increasing occurrence of shark‐human interactions around a fast‐developing Indian Ocean island, A review of the biology and status of white sharks in Australian waters, Killing sharks: The media's role in public and political response to fatal human‐shark interactions, Likely effectiveness of netting or other capture programs as a shark hazard mitigation strategy in Western Australia.

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